The Effects Of Ocean On The Ocean - 1220 Words

The Ocean is a lot of water, which covers most of the earth. The oceans are located all around us, it’s broken into four sections, even though there are four sections the water is one continuous body of water. Water has three properties liquid, gas, and solid. Oceans have been around a very long time, so the salts were added to the water at a time when gases and lava were spewing from increased volcanic activity. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the water from the atmosphere this forms weak carbonic acid which dissolves minerals. When the minerals dissolve, ions are formed; this is why the water is salty. The Ocean has many characteristics’ the motion/currents, the depth, there are some parts that are so black because it’s do far down. The†¦show more content†¦Continental shelves have different widths but are usually wide long low-lying. The ocean has really deep areas called trenches, those areas are the deepest. The Ocean’s waters came from rocks ins ide the newly forming earth. As the rocks cooled, they released water vapor and other gases. The vapor condensed and covered the crust with a primitive ocean. Today, hot gases from the earth’s interior continue to produce water at the bottom of the ocean. From the deepest ocean trench to the tallest mountain, plate tectonics explains the features and movement of Earth s surface in the present and the past. The ocean is home to the best looking fish. The ocean has five life zones; each has organisms adapted to their specific ecosystem. The epipelagic zone is the sunlit upper layer of the ocean. It reaches from the surface to about 660 feet deep. The epipelagic zone is also known as the photic or euphotic zone, and can exist in lakes as well as the ocean. The next zone down, stretching to about 3,300 feet deep, it is the mesopelagic zone. This zone is also known as the twilight zone because the light there is very dim. The lack of sunlight means there are no plants in the meso pelagic zone, but large fish and whales hunt there. The bathypelagic zone, reaches to about 13,000 feet deep. The bathypelagic zone is also known as the midnight zone because no light reaches it. The abyssopelagic zone is very salty and cold. At depths up to 19,000 feet, the pressure is very strong

The Late Middle Ages The Age Of Discovery And Innovation

The Late Middle Ages were characterized by both periods of decline and periods of transition into the Renaissance. Therefore, if only viewed through some aspects, the overall quality of the Late Middle Ages can be interpreted in vastly different ways. When all events are taken into account, it is evident that even though there were periods of extreme decline and cultural deficiency, numerous events helped transition Europe into an age of discovery and innovation. The Late Middle Ages are sometimes considered â€Å"the Dark Ages† due to the decline in literary advancement and the increase in adversities and superstitions. The Black Death, or Bubonic Plague, had a major influence on the overall decline of the Late Middle Ages. Some records indicate that the Plague killed nearly 60 percent of the population of Europe, about 50 million people, in the 14th century. Europeans, most of them devout Christians, frantically searched for an explanation beyond their understanding. By turning to God, many believed that He was punishing them. Giovanni Boccaccio’s â€Å"The Decameron† gives us an in-depth look into the calamity that was the Bubonic Plague. â€Å"And some holding it best to live temperately, and to avoid excesses of all kinds, made parties, and shut themselves up from the rest of the world; eating and drinking moderately of the best, diverting themselves with music, and such other entertainments as they might have with in doors; never listening to anything from without, to make themShow MoreRelatedRevolutionizing Renaissance Inventions : An Age Of Discovery And Creation1368 Words   |  6 PagesMatty Rhee Kirill Taranouchtchenko World Civilization 1 (Period G) 5/28/16 Revolutionizing Renaissance Inventions The Renaissance was a historical time period in Europe succeeding the Middle Ages. It was an era of rebirth as well as an age of discovery and creation. The term â€Å"renaissance† is a French word. The word â€Å"naissance† literally means birth, and when added to â€Å"re†, makes â€Å"rebirth†. During this time of rebirth, many fields of work were being reintroduced. Most historians refer to thisRead MoreIslams Influences on the Modern World1422 Words   |  6 Pagesinspiration in the innovations and discoveries of great eastern empires such as the Greek, Roman and Byzantine. Arguably one of the most influential and historically significant empires to the development of Europe is the Islamic. Islam directly translates to â€Å"submission†. It is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion, as well as an empire, (which is focused in the Middle East and Northern Africa). Islam is currently the second most practiced religion globally. 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The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole Free Essays

string(38) " television and even some newspapers\." The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole As written in Jacques Arends’ â€Å"Pidgin and Creole: An Introduction,† Haitian Creole first originated from a pidgin. With time, this pidgin gradually developed into a creole, later on becoming the co-official language of Haiti. Haitian Creole may be recognized as one of the official languages, along with French, however there are negative associations linked with this creole. We will write a custom essay sample on The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, the stereotypical view of a speaker of Haitian Creole still remains as one who is black, poor, and uneducated. Slowly however, things are changing; Haitian Creole is becoming more accepted and the knowledge of its existence is growing as its speakers spread across the world. What made this creole grow and thrive out of its own country, transported to other nations all across the world? This paper will study the unfolding of this creole as well as focus on the way it is spoken in the northeastern United States, since studies show that is where most speakers emigrate to, as stated by Zephir in her works. What will also be discussed is the changes the creole underwent, hand in hand with the various perspectives associated with the creole and the factors that lead to its successful spread. Before even beginning the topic of Haitian Creole’s migration into the United States, it is important to learn more about the language itself. First a brief history on this creole is necessary- to know the origins of this language and the different social and economic factors surrounding it as time passed. As stated before by Arends, Haitian Creole first started from a pidgin between Haitian slaves in the 16th century. As the years progressed, the pidgin was modified, changed, and soon developed into the creole used today. It was spread across Haiti by various media such as television and newspapers until finally in 1987 its official status became verified in the Haitian constitution (St. Fort). One would think that Haitian Creole and French would have equal standing as both co-official languages, but studies have shown that only a small minority speak French while the majorities all know Haitian Creole. This fact has also been confirmed when it’s brought up while interviewing my Haitian friend, Stephanie. She is currently a college student in another CUNY school who agreed to sit down with me for a while to talk about Haitian Creole and her thoughts about her culture in relations to her life in New York now. Stephanie exclaims that although she knows both French and Haitian Creole since she learned them in school, most of her community back home spoke in the creole. Hardly ever was French used, except in formal circumstances. Nevertheless, French is the preferred language when it comes to formal occasions, leaving Haitian Creole behind, being considered the â€Å"second language. † As Joseph had stated in his work, â€Å"The connection between French and Haitian Creole may seem like an example of diglossia, but that is not the case. Only 10% of Haitians know and understand French, while all Haitians are fluent in Haitian Creole. † While Haitian Creole may not be used in formalities, the fact that it is so well-known and used more often than French in Haiti sheds some light into how Haitian Creole has spread out of Haiti. From the percentages Joseph gives, and from what Stephanie had said earlier, one can see that if Haitians migrate elsewhere, they are more likely to bring the Haitian Creole with them instead of French. In doing so, this creole ends up expanding in the area in which it is used. St. Fort states, â€Å"In the Diaspora, Haitian Creole is a living language spoken by more than a million living in North and South America, the Caribbean, Europe, and even in Africa. † For many years now, Haitian immigrants have been pouring into the United States, mainly the northeastern states. The author Zephir describes this Haitian movement towards the north saying, â€Å"Haitian immigration to the United States was initially slow in the first half of the 20th century. While the United States occupied Haiti from 1915-1934, a group of Haitian immigrants came to the United States to flee the occupation of their homeland. There were hundreds of immigrants, mostly from rural Haitian areas. Then in 1951-1960, thousands more Haitians followed. After the 1965 Immigration Act, Haitian immigration shot up. From 1932 until 2000, a total of 414,401 Haitians came legally to the United States. So we can see the reason why Haitian immigrants move to the northeastern states is again revealed by Zephir. She writes, â€Å"The two top cities where Haitians migrate to New York and Boston, followed by Philadelphia, Florida, and other places in the Midwest. New York is especially known for having the largest concentration of Haitians as well as some of the oldest and most established Haiti an communities. An estimate of the Haitians living in New York and the surrounding areas is anywhere from 200,000- 500,000. In Florida, the number is around 270,000, followed by 75,000 Haitians in Massachusetts. † Once these immigrants have settled and communities have sprung up, there is a slow increase in aid and support, helping to link the Haitian community together. The most evident form would be through the media. Now that technology is so developed and everything is more convenient, there is television, radio, and newspapers all using Haitian Creole, catering specifically to the Haitian immigrants. Note that although this media may help unify the community and keep the native language intact, a Haitian immigrant who knows only Haitian Creole will be unable to get out of his social circle and really prosper since he does not know English, which is the more international language. Again, in my talk with Stephanie, she mentioned being surrounded by Haitian Creole upon her first month moving to New York. She spoke the creole with her relatives, could find some Haitian Creole or French channels on the television and even some newspapers. You read "The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole" in category "Papers" However, upon enrolling into the university, she felt completely lost surrounded by English speaking students. She had to learn English on her own in order to be able to move comfortably and advance in the American community. Such is the case with Haitian children who go to American schools; they must learn to separate their home life, where they may speak Haitian Creole, with their school life, where everything is taught in English and the culture is different. Since Haitian Creole is not an international language such as English, Haitian children may become frustrated since they must quickly adapt to the new school environment. Sometimes they lose interest in the school material and give up effort. Zephir writes that in order to prevent this, â€Å"teachers should understand the unique character of the Haitian community and view Haitian Creole as a language just as important as Spanish or French. Additionally, home language instruction is just as valuable as that in school. † By helping Haitian children to overcome these language differences as well as cultural differences, the teacher can also help the child see his own unique identity- not only as a Haitian but a Haitian-American. Not only Haitian children experience hardships upon migrating to the United States but older speakers who have never had a chance to go to school or learn English have an even bigger barrier separating them from the new country they have come to. Again, as with Haitian children, without being fluent in English these adults are not likely to proceed very far out of their own Haitian communities, much less find good paying jobs to support themselves as well as their children’s’ education. Buxton even states in his article, â€Å"while the low-educated parents all work at low-income jobs, even the more educated parents have not yet obtained jobs on the level they had back in Haiti. † When I asked Stephanie about her Haitian relatives here, she stated they are not completely comfortable with speaking English and have a slight accent. She noted also that because of this, they tended to stay more within the Haitian Creole-speaking circle and communicated mostly with other Haitians. Thus, with just Haitian Creole it is very unlikely any Haitian immigrants can successfully break into the American culture and mainstream life. It is inevitable that with these two languages- French and Haitian Creole, Haitians must face a sort of identity dilemma. Haitians might be bilingual in both languages but the connotations and instances where the two languages are used are very different from one another. French is used in formal settings- therefore the speaker is considered to be more high-class and educated, having an all-around good quality. On the other hand, Haitians are much more comfortable speaking their creole, but being viewed as a â€Å"language for the masses† it is given more negative connotations than French. Haitian immigrants in the United States tend to use Haitian Creole more than French, but even so since they do not know English they are unable to get very far. Only upon mastering English will these Haitians be able to progress out into the American culture. First generation Haitians who have just migrated tend to experience this difficulty of learning another language and trying to get used to life in a different country, but second generation Haitians do not have as much trouble. Even though there are no Haitian immersion programs which help a child learn its â€Å"mother language† and culture, the second generation Haitian children quickly pick up Haitian Creole in the home environment and then just as easily learn English at school. Compared with their parents who are not compelled to use English in a social setting like school, second generation Haitian children quickly catch on to the American culture in school and stick to it, since that is the way of their peers and others their age. In effect, the children sometimes become bilingual in both English and their Creole, or if they are extremely attached to their new-found American culture in school, speak mostly English without practicing their creole. When I asked Stephanie about how she felt if her child later on in the future became more American rather than Haitian, Stephanie thought for a long time. Then she responded that whatever the outcome, she will be happy because she realizes that just knowing Haitian Creole is not enough to get by in this country. If learning English leads the child to becoming more Americanized then she is fine with that, since the child would be proficient in English and have no hindrances in his life. In conclusion we can see that Haitian Creole has an extensive history, from its origins as a pidgin to becoming a co-official language in Haiti to being carried over to the northeastern States via Haitian immigrants. The creole is widely spoken all across the world and is still alive and thriving in each of its speakers. However, the fact that this creole is not an international spoken language such as English poses problems in the way it survives. True it is being spoken by people all around the world but by knowing that one creole alone, a person could not get far in the world. So, usually a person who knows Haitian Creole also speaks another international language- be it English or French. In the United States, Haitian Creole may continue to thrive and grow however not in settings such as schools and offices. Perhaps in more casual settings like homes and neighborhood communities this creole is used, but it probably will never rise to the level of an international language. Many Haitians are trying to enlighten others about Haitian Creole- such as Zephir and St. Fort- and offer the language in universities. Code-switching is also popular with Haitians, as Stephanie tells me more and more she uses both Haitian Creole and English when speaking with her friends at the university. Perhaps with time, Haitian Creole will die out as the generations pass and the children choose to learn more international languages. Or there might be Haitian parents that insist on teaching their child the creole, along with another language, to remember their culture and history. Either way, Haitian Creole is unlikely to reach international status. References †¢ Arends, J. Pidgins and creoles, an introduction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1995. Print. †¢ Buxton, C. A. , et al. â€Å"The Role of Language in Academic and Social Transition of Haitian Children and Their Parents to Urban U. S. Schools. † Bilingual Research Journal. 2007-8. Print. †¢ Joseph, C. M. B†¦ â€Å"Haitian Creole in NY. † The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2002. Print. †¢ Muhlhausler, Peter. Pidgin and creole linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. Print. †¢ Stephanie. Personal Interview. July 2012. †¢ Fort, H†¦ â€Å"What is Haitian Creole? †AHAD. AHAD, 2004. December 2, 2011. Web. †¢ Zephir, F.. â€Å"Juggling with Two Cultures: Transnationalism and Hybridity as Cultural Outcomes of Immigration for Haitians in the United States. † Bicultural, Self Identity and Societal Transformation. UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2008. Print. †¢ The New Americans: The Haitian Americans. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. Print. How to cite The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole, Papers

Leadership Styles for Multi Generational Workforce

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Styles for Multi Generational Workforce. Answer: Introduction The ever increasing globalisation and digitization has made the entire world a smaller place. It has shown direct effects on the modern business environments around the globe. Primarily due to increasing globalization of businesses and surmounting competition, the organizations are facing several internal as well as external pressures. Among various pressures such as economic uncertainties of international markets, stiff rise in competition, etc. The two pressures discussed here includes management of diversity in workplace and maintenance of organisational ethics in the modern business scenarios. The workplace diversity denotes the range of variations among the employees working in an organization. Diversity includes a wide variety of parameters such as race, ethnic group, gender, age, cognitive style, personality, tenure, education, organizational function, background and so on. Thus to manage the pressures arising from diversity at workplace is one of the crucial challenges of modern business organisations and managers. Effective management of diversity is essential to leverage the benefits and reduce the pressures caused by it (Ingram, 2017). The aspects of diversity not alone affect the person's perception about themselves but also of others. This in turn affects their mutual interactions and hence their performances in the organization, Managers thus have a critical responsibility of effectively dealing with matters like adaptability, communication and change. Along with the problems relating to the workplace diversity, it has various benefits too. The modern organizations success depends upon its ability to adapt to the new changing business environment. The diverse workforce provides avenues for the increased adaptability for the organization. The varieties of solutions provided by the organizations are greatly benefitted by employees with varied backgrounds, experiences and talents. The managers are able to do better allocation of resources, sourcing and services with the help of team with diversity. Such companies are able to give broader range of services as compared to companies with non-diversified workforce. The variety of viewpoints could be obtained by diverse workforce, enabling the organizations to enjoy benefit of pool of talents from across the globe. The execution of companies which encourage diversity is effective as they inspire their employees to give their best performance on global platform. Thus the organizations produ ctivity, profitability as well as sustainability strengthen. However, the benefits of diverse workforce could be reaped by the organization and managers when they can overcome the issues attached to it. The prime issue in diversified organization is of effective communication. The culture, perception as well as language barriers must be overcome for smooth functioning of the operations in an organisation. the ineffective communication cold lead to poor team work, lack of understanding of objectives of the company, internal disputes or even loss of image of the company in market (Ropes, 2013). It also leads to other major issues such as resistance to change, glitches in implementation of organizational strategies and therefore adverse effects on the profitability of the company. Some of the solutions thatcould be applied by the managers to overcome the pressures posed by diversity of workforce include assessment of diversity in the organization.This could be done using the customizedemployee satisfaction surveys. The managers could use this information toidentify the obstaclesandchallenges of their workforce and thereby implement policies to increase their effectiveness. Another solution managers can adopt is development of comprehensive, attainable and measurable plan for diversity in the workplace. Implementation of this plan could help the managers to ward off pressures posed by diversity. The managers could also evade change resistance with the policies of inclusion by involvingevery employee in bestpossible way. This would help to foster the feeling of belongingness and openness. Organisations at large must promote diversity in leadership positions, so as to encourage employees at lower levels to give wider acceptance to their diversified colleagues. Ma nagers can also utilize diversity training tools to manage increasing diversity in the current business environment (Greenberg, 2013). Managing organisations ethics Organizational ethics could be understood as the underlying standards and principals which governs the operations of a business. The ethics in any organisations could be demonstrated by its acts of compassion, fairness, , integrity, responsibility and honour. The organisation and the managers have the responsibility of ensuring that their employees completely understand the ethics of their company. Therefore, the training of employees on company ethics is important for management to subsidize the pressures of unethical behaviour in an organisation (Al-Asfour Lettau, 2014). The issues which arise from the unethical behaviour in any organisation could lead to loss of reputation, business loss and even ultimate demise of the organisation. The current business environment and high market competition often tempts the companies to adopt methods of profitability that are not entirely ethical. Such method ultimately becomes the cause of pressure from market, regulatory authorities, and as well final consumers. Therefore, it is imperative for the organisation and managers to deal with the issues of organisational ethics (Podsiadlowski Groschke, 2013). One of the most important methods of incorporating organisation ethics in a company is to adopt the policy of uniform treatment of the employees. The companies which treat their employees with equality, tends to incorporate the values and ethics of business in them. Thereby not only protecting their business but also showcasing the image of responsible corporate in the market. Managers could treat their employees with fairness irrespective of their religion, race, cultures or lifestyles. Business ethics could be maintained by managers by giving sensitivity training and providing equal opportunities of growth for all the employees (Suttle, 2017). The important pressure on the companies these days is to protect the community as well as environment in which they operate. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is one of the key aspects of the companies in the global markets. The organisational ethics considers various factors regarding the company's social responsibilities and thus the managers have an important role in ensure the same. Also the aspects of financial ethics must be taken care by the managers in any organisation in order to ensure that the company does not have to face legal or statutory proceedings against it. Mangers can maintain the financial ethics by ensuring no state legislators for tax credits are broken or no insider trading is done by the employees. Also such important laws biding the company to behave ethically in financial matters must be complied by the management (Griseri Seppala, 2010). Conclusion The two pressures of maintaining balance with diverse workforce and upholding ethics in highly competitive current business environments are of great importance for the organizations ad managers. In the coming years would surely see higher diversification and therefore the organisations which would address this issue well in time would only be able to survive in the dynamic business environment. Similarly, the stiffness of competition would only increase in the future. Even in such scenarios the companies adopting ethical means would be able to sustain and become beacon of success in the business world. References Al-Asfour, A., Lettau, L. (2014). Strategies for leadership styles for multi-generational workforce.Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics,11(2), 58. Greenberg, J. (2013). Diversity in the Workplace. University of Houston. Retrieved 20 April 2017, from https://www.uh.edu/ucs/employers/newsletter/2013/fall.pdf Griseri, P., Seppala, N. (2010). Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Cengage Learning. Ingram, D. (2017). Advantages and Disadvantages of Diversity in Workplace. Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-diversity-workplace-3041.html Podsiadlowski, A., Groschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C., Van Der Zee, K. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), 159-175. Suttle, R. (2017). Example of Organizational Ethics. Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/example-organizational-ethics-36755.html

Seasons of Life Essay Example

Seasons of Life Paper Tamaki Carter The College of New Rockwell Professor V. Pearson April 19, 2008 The Seasons of Life series examines the development process from infancy to late adulthood, and the many challenges that are faced at each stage of the development process. The first video examines the developmental process from birth to approximately age five. The video explores the many components and experiences that contribute to humans early development. The process of human development is very complex. There are many contributing factors that work in cohesion, that make p the developmental process in humans. One being the 3 clocks, which are the 3 clocks of development. The first clock Is the Biological clock. The Biological clock determines our physical growth, such as when we are born and when we die. Its the bodys way of keeping time. The second clock Is the social clock. The social clock Is society way of keeping track of human development. It Informs of what society expects from humans, and when. The social clock determines when a child should begin school, when one should consider marriage, and at what age a person should tire. The third clock is the psychological clock. The psychological clock is humans own personal clock, its human inner schedule. The psychological clock consists of your feelings, emotions, and everything that is you. The 3 clocks examined in video# 1 is the foundation that humans develop on. The 3 clocks are always ticking from birth to death. Video#2 discusses the development of children and adolescents from the ages of 6-20. It explores the many challenges that both children and adolescents endure In human development. We will write a custom essay sample on Seasons of Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Seasons of Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Seasons of Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The childhood and adolescents stages can be the most challenging stage of development for both the child, and the parents. Children must now adapt to life on their own terms, they must find ways to fit In with others, and all while trying to find their own place in this world. They must learn to deal with challenges and setbacks in positive ways now to ensure that in the future challenges are dealt with in a healthy and positive manner. Adolescents must learn to adjust to their 3 clocks being out of sync. This stage is both difficult for the child as it is for the arenas. Adolescents, on the one hand demand more freedom, while still demonstrating childlike behaviors. This is the time when puberty begins for most adolescents, which only adds to the confusion. Video# 3 discusses the development of young adults. It describes the challenges they face with coming to grips with their childhood, while preparing for their adulthood. During the young adult stage, the social clock Is Informing us that we now have to take life much more seriously. We have to decide our career paths, chose a companion, and decide If where going to extent our females. These are the years of critical decision making, because the decision made now will affect the future in positive or negative ways. The women won are nearing ten Ana AT young adults nave to race ten possible TTY Tanat soon, they will be unable to reproduce children, as their biological clock comes to an end. Men and women also have to deal with marriages that have gone bad, but for men this transition is not as hard for them as it is for women. Most men have the opportunity to start out fresh. In most cases that women are left with the children ND must now for the first time in their lives look for Jobs, whereas the men are single with no children, and are able to date, and find other companions, while the women struggles to make ends meet. Video #4 explains the development procedure of middle adults. The video examines the challenges middle adults experiences in this stage of life in society today, and the effects of the 3 clocks during this period. The social clock informs us of what society expects from us, and at what age. For instance the social clock determines when a child should begin school, when a person should insider marriage, and when a person should be retiring. But in todays society, the social clock is changing. In past generations, returning to school or changing careers in middle adulthood would have been a rare occurrence, but today many more people in middle adulthood are making these and many more changes in their lives. Due to better medicines, and better quality foods, people are living much longer today, than in past generations. People in middle adulthood now, have the opportunity to do Just about anything that they did earlier in their development. The Baby Boomers are showing us how to live in middle adulthood, they are showing us the attitude to have to ensure graceful aging in todays society. Some might not have a graceful aging experience because they have regrets about things either they did, or did not do and this can lead too mid-life crisis. Video# 5 explores late adulthood, and the challenges faced with dealing with ones mortality. Late adulthood refers to anyone over the age of 65, but being over 65 does not mean Just sitting at home knitting anymore. People of this age group are still living like they were young, and in fact there is a group called the Young/Old. The Young/Old are very active, and still seek fulfillment out of life. In late adulthood, the topic of sex is Just as important as it was in earlier stages of development, but now sex is more meaningful, more intimate, and more nurturing. In late adulthood, integrity and pride about ones life is very important, and for them a lifes review will allow them to find peace with themselves. For women this can be a challenging period, because men die sooner than women, any are left to be widows living alone. After many years of companionship, now they must deal with the fact that they are alone, no children, and no husband. The developmental process documented in these videos allows one to see the many stages in human development. From infancy to late adulthood humans have to endure the many seasons of development that life brings. From attachment to adolescents, and on to the mid-life crisis, and then to the lifes review one must constantly adjust to the seasons of life.

Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Essays

Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Essays Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Essay Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Essay Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Author: Heidi Heffron-Clark ENGL112ON_AC: Composition Professor: Julie  Joki Talk about a hot topic! Marijuana and the discussion surrounding full legalization of the substance in the United States, has been creating a stir for many years now. Some people feel that there is no need to legalize another drug and take the risk of allowing it to get into the hands of children or people that may not be exposed to it if were not legal. Others say that if we legalize marijuana, it’s the start of a slippery slope that might lead to attempts to legalize other drugs. To the contrary, there are also many people, myself included, that feel that the risks of legalizing marijuana in the United States are minimal compared to the potential benefits. Legalizing any drug is going to come with a lot of debate and resistance, but the great benefits of legalizing this particular drug need to be seriously considered, and there has never been a better time to do so. Amazing health benefits that include both preventing illnesses and treating symptoms of diseases, economy boosting benefits resulting from legalization, regulation and taxation and the fact that it has been successfully legalized in other countries all lead to the conclusion that the legalization of marijuana in the United States is the right thing to do for the sake of the entire country! One of the greatest reasons to consider legalization of marijuana would be due to the immense medicinal benefits that marijuana provides. Medicinal marijuana is beneficial in the treatment and prevention of many different illnesses including, but not limited to, cancer, Tourette’s, OCD, Multiple Sclerosis, Seizures, Migraines, Glaucoma, ADD/ADHD, Crohn’s, and Alzheimer’s. If marijuana were legalized and regulated, people suffering from any of these illnesses would have an alternative to current medications with horrible side effects. It could also be something that is eventually covered by insurance or available affordably over the counter, saving people a great deal of money on their already expensive health care costs. One of the deadliest diseases that could potentially reap considerable benefits from the legalization of marijuana is cancer. Cancer treatments and medications tend to have horrific side effects. One of those side effects is the extreme nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy, radiation and other anticancer drugs. Cancer patients usually receive antiemetics to help control the nausea and vomiting but there really is no single solution to reduce those symptoms in all patients. Antiemetics in multiple combinations seem to work well for some; however some doctors and scientists believe that THC (the active marijuana constituent) may be the best treatment for many others. The U. S. FDA has already approved the use of THC for treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy in patients who have not responded to the standard antiemetic drugs (National Cancer Institute, 2000). If we have already considered certain levels of THC to be legally acceptable, why not look further into the benefits of what a broader scale legalization could do for the medical field and suffering patients? In addition to nausea and vomiting, other common symptoms in cancer patients are the loss of appetite, loss of desire to eat, and incomplete absorption of nutrients which leads to anorexia and/or cachexia. â€Å"Maintenance of body weight and adequate nutritional status can help patients feel and look better, and maintain or improve their performance. It may also help them better tolerate cancer therapy† (National Cancer Institute, 2000). THC can help counteract the loss of appetite and desire to eat, which in turn could help the patient not only feel better, but potentially tolerate the treatments better as well. Although we will probably never be able to cure all diseases, if marijuana helps aid in treatment or helps slow down the progression of certain illnesses, isn’t it worth legalizing? Temple University researchers have been studying more effective ways to treat multiple sclerosis utilizing synthetic cannabinoids based on the chemicals found in the marijuana plant. Their research focuses mainly on the cannabinoids that are found in both the human body and the marijuana plant in an effort to help control the activation of the human body’s immune cells. Controlling and calming the body’s immune system is a key factor in fighting MS. ‘This is a totally new approach to treating this disease,’ says Adler, director emeritus and senior advisor for CSAR and Laura H. Carnell professor of pharmacology research. ‘These cannabinoids hold enormous potential, and that’s encouraging since we’re limited in options when it comes to preventing or reve rsing MS’† (Temple University, 2009). The use of marijuana not just as a way to ease pain but as a way to actually slow down the progression of a disease like MS and to help build the body’s immune system to better fight the disease is an amazing benefit that should not be taken lightly. In addition to helping treat cancer and prevent MS, scientists at The Scripps Research Institute have found that the active ingredient in marijuana, THC, inhibits the formation of amyloid plaque, the primary pathological marker for Alzheimers disease. Their study results have shown that THC â€Å"‘may provide an improved therapeutic for Alzheimers disease’ that would treat ‘both the symptoms and progression’ of the disease†(Scripps Research Institute, 2006). In fact, their research has found THC to be considerably more effective than some of the currently prescribed, FDA approved drugs for Alzheimer’s treatment. Furthermore, marijuana has also been linked to successful treatments for migraine headaches, ADD, ADHD, seizures, Tourette’s syndrome, and PMS related symptoms. Not only has it been successful in the treatment of these illnesses, in some cases, it’s actually less harmful than the current legal, approved, and prescribed medications being used to treat them. If the fact that it’s currently considered an â€Å"illegal substance† was taken out of play and some random doctor or scientist suddenly discovered marijuana and let the public know that it contained chemicals that had all of the above medicinal benefits (with very few side effects), it would be legalized, regulated, and distributed immediately – as it should be! Medicinal benefits aside, the legalization could not only financially benefit our country, in a time when we desperately need financial benefits, it would actually help assist in the decriminalization of the drug. Why not ake the money, power and control over this substance away from the criminals in this country and give it to the working class, the FDA, and the local and federal governments? One immediate benefit would be the creation of jobs and income for working class citizens, and farmers. The legalization of something like marijuana would probably be regulated and distributed similar to the way tobacco is in the United States. Currently in the US, tobacco farm managers earn approximately $66,000 per year (which breaks down to an hourly wage of about $32/hour) and there are over 3600 of them employed nationally (My Majors. om, 2010). I am positive that there are people in our country right now that would be more than willing to take a job that pays that kind of salary. In addition to the farmers, there would obviously be jobs created in the cultivating, manufacturing, and distribution of the marijuana plant. The creation of thousands of stable jobs within our country would only help our current economic state! In addition to the immediate economy boost that job creation would provide, consider the fiscal benefits to the regulation and taxation of marijuana! We already tax tobacco and alcohol at incredible rates, why not add marijuana to the â€Å"pot† as well? If taxed according to our current tobacco laws, the US could stand to make a great deal of money off of this maneuver. In 2010, tobacco cigarette pack sales in the US were 14. 7 billion and the tax revenue from those cigarette sales was $16. 5 billion (Tobacco Free Kids. org, 2011). Any country’s economy would jump at the chance to add an additional $16. 5 billion annually but our country is so far in debt currently that it would be fiscally irresponsible to not consider this. Not only would this kind of annual taxation help eliminate our immense debt, it could potentially help keep the government from raising income taxes or making controversial fiscal cuts elsewhere. Enough about the outstanding health benefits and fiscally responsible economic benefits, let’s talk about regulation and control of this substance and the benefits that would create for our society. One of the main arguments for not legalizing marijuana is because it would create easier access for children to get it or it would get in the â€Å"wrong† hands. The problem with that argument is that children already have access to it and it’s, for the most part, only in the â€Å"wrong† hands. Legalizing marijuana would mean regulating it. Regulating it would mean controlling it. The government would have control over who can legally produce marijuana, who can legally distribute marijuana, and who can legally purchase and consume marijuana. If there were laws in effect similar to those of tobacco and alcohol there would be legal ages and legal limits of amounts that you could have and still be considered safe and able to operate a motor vehicle. If it were regulated like prescription drugs, there would again be legal ages, dosage recommendations/restrictions, and warnings about usage. Left as it is now, illegal and without controls, it actually endangers the public rather than promoting public safety. Complete prohibition of marijuana gives all the control of its production and distribution to criminal entrepreneurs, such as drug cartels, street gangs, and drug dealers who add harmful chemicals to it and push additional, more addictive and harmful illegal substances. It also promotes the use of marijuana in inappropriate settings, such as in automobiles, in public parks, or in public restrooms. â€Å"A regulatory scheme for marijuana that is similar to the scheme†¦for alcohol would be favorable compared to the present prohibition. Ideally, such a regulatory scheme for marijuana would maintain the existing controls that presently govern commercial alcohol production, distribution, and use – while potentially imposing even stricter limits regarding the commercialization, advertising, and mass marketing of the product† (NORML. org, 2010). If we put the regulation and control of this substance in the â€Å"right† hands, then we will be able to create rules and regulations that would be much more beneficial than just leaving the laws the way they are which gives all the control to the â€Å"wrong† people. Health benefits, economic benefits, regulation and control in the appropriate places are all important reasons to consider legalization of marijuana in the United States, but we aren’t the first country to be weighing these options. There are actually other countries that have benefit from the legalization and decriminalization of marijuana and have been doing so for years. If it can be successful in other countries, then there is no reason why the United States cannot make it successful as well. For many years, other countries have had much more liberal laws (if any at all) against drug use and these countries have had much success in their â€Å"war on drugs† by using such laws. Countries such as Canada, Germany, Israel, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Luxemburg, Australia, Great Britain, India, and the Netherlands have all successfully been able to regulate and control the use of drugs in their country. Most have led to much lower rates of children under the age of 18 possessing or using drugs, lower drug related crime rates, and overall lower possession and use of drugs among adults. Interestingly, the European country with the most liberal drug laws also has seen some of the greatest success from its drug laws, or lack thereof. Following decriminalization, Portugal had the lowest rate of lifetime marijuana use in people over 15 in the E. U. The U. S. as long championed a hard-line drug policy, supporting only international agreements that enforce drug prohibition and imposing on its citizens some of the worlds harshest penalties for drug possession and sales. Yet America has the highest rates of cocaine and marijuana use in the world, and while most of the E. U. (including Holland) has more liberal drug laws than the U. S. , it also has less drug use (Time. com, 2009). Clearly, our current system isn’t working. Our complete prohibition and extremely strict penalties have l ed to some of the highest drug use in the whole world. I think it’s about time we stop thinking that we have this all figured out and start learning from the success of other countries. Considering other countries’ success rates combined with the immense medical benefits in both the treatment of symptoms and the prevention of diseases and the potentially huge economic benefits that legalizing marijuana in the United States would provide; there really is nothing left to debate. The United States of America would be foolish to not legalize the use of marijuana and start reaping the benefits of it immediately! REFERENCES 6 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC. (05/13/2011). Retrieved 08/14/11 from ProCon. org web site: http://medicalmarijuana. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=000881 Boonn, Ann. (06/28/2011). Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids State Cigarette Tax Rates amp; Rank, Date of Last Increase And Related Data. Retrieved 08/14/11 from Tobacco Free Kids. org web site: tobaccofreekids. org/research/factsheets/pdf/0099. pdf Cleaver, Hannah. (2002). Marijuana Chemical Eases Tourette’s Symptoms. Excerpt from Reuters Health retrieved 08/14/11 from Prevent Disease. com web site: ttp://preventdisease. com/news/articles/marjuana_tourettes. shtml Leveque, Dr. Phillip. (06/30/2008). Marijuana Vs. Migraines: Modern Medical Miracle. Retrieved 08/14/11 from Salem-News web site: salem-news. com/articles/june302008/leveque_migraines_6-30-08. php Marijuana Chemical May Slow Multiple Sclerosis. (05/12/2009). Retrieved 08/14/11 from insciences organisation web site: http://insciences . org/article. php? article_id=4963 Marijuana Use in Supportive Care for Cancer Patients. (12/12/2000). Retrieved 08/14/11 from National Cancer Institute web site: cancer. ov/cancertopics/factsheet/Support/marijuana Marijuana’s Active Ingredient Shown to Inhibit Primary Marker of Alzheimer’s Disease. (08/09/2006). Retrieved 08/14/11 from The Scripps Research Institute web site: scripps. edu/news/press/080906. html Miron, Jeffrey A. (06/2005). Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition in the United States. Retrieved 08/14/11 from Prohibition Costs. org web site: prohibitioncosts. org/mironreport. html NIDA InfoFacts: Marijuana. (11/2011). Retrieved 08/14/11 from National Institute on Drug Abuse web site: drugabuse. ov/infofacts/marijuana. html Real World Ramifications of Cannabis Legalization and Decriminalization. (03/05/2010). Retrieved 08/14/11 from The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws web site: norml. org/index. cfm? Group_ID=8110#de crim Szalavitz, Maia. (04/26/2009). Drugs in Portugal: Did Decriminalization Work?. Retrieved 08/14/11 from Time. com web site: time. com/time/health/article/0,8599,1893946,00. html Tobacco Grower Career Information. (2010). Retrieved 08/14/11 from MyMajors. com web site: mymajors. com/careers-and-jobs/Tobacco-Grower

Argument and Counterarguement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument and Counterarguement - Essay Example In addition, Anderson highlights the fact that the state recognizes the union of males and females but not same sex marriages. In his conclusion, he emphasizes that marriages as recognized by the state, should be that of a man and woman, a relationship â€Å"ideal for procreative love, childbearing and childrearing† (Anderson). Anderson deduced that a marriage should be between a male and female from the fact that only a sexual relationship between a man and woman can make reproduction possible. He claims that marriage is intentionally for the reproduction of the human species. Since same-sex-relationships by nature cannot make reproduction possible, heterosexual marriages are believed to be what satisfies this objective of marriage. As Anderson says, â€Å"Marriage is based on the biological fact that reproduction depends on a man and a woman† therefore, marriage should be between opposite sexes. This argument is valid because it is based from observable facts. Anderson considers the emotional aspect of relationships and he does not disregard its importance in the union of two people. The emotional aspect is a vital consideration in every relationship however it is only a heterosexual relationship that can satisfy the emotional needs of each partner as well as the objective of marriage which is hav ing children. Although Anderson has a good point, such argument may not seem sound to other readers because not all people getting in a relationship would really want to have children. Moreover, not all heterosexual relationships can really successfully produce children just like the case of infertile men or of barren women. Using inductive reasoning, Anderson comments that based from religions such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam, marriage has always been recognized to be the union of males and females. Trying not to limit his position on the issue in accordance to religious views, the author also presents the philosophies of the great ancient Greek and

International Trade and Financial Markets Assignment

International Trade and Financial Markets - Assignment Example For instance, assume UK can experience vast harvest of grapes as compared to Brazil. On the other hand, Brazil thrives in rubber production than any other country. The concept of comparative advantage, therefore, requires the UK to engage more resources in producing grapes. On the other hand, Brazil would better engage in the mass production of rubber. The two countries would, therefore, export their abundant products to the foreign markets. That is; rubber would be exported to the UK and grapes would be exported to Brazil. The mentioned exchange process is referred to as the international trade, which is regulated by trade policies (Suranovic 2012). Trade policies are rules that regulate the exchange of goods, services and other assets between two or more countries. Trade policies also encompass the tax rules, government incentives, and subsidies. The flow of goods, services, and other assets from one country to another is significant for the following reasons: first, it improves economic and social ties between countries. Second, international trade avails a wide variety of goods and services for the consumers. It therefore, enhances the consumer sovereignty, which is the free will of the customers to consume products and services of their interest. Third, international trade improves a country’s economic performance among other importance. The paper seeks to present a critical evaluation of the appropriateness of the trade policies in the United Kingdom (Trade Policy 2015). The link between the United Kingdom and the international communities, specially the developing countries, is based on the following: the export and import of goods and services between UK and the developing countries, the investments activities in the developing countries, relocation to and from development countries, and offering aid to developing countries. The goods exported to the UK from the developing countries in the year 2014

Assessment and assessment techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment and assessment techniques - Essay Example The difference between both of the variables permits progress in teaching interactions. Students who attend their Montessori school sessions are more critical to identify and improve. Class room assessment is a tangled task which is to be performed by the teachers however it is very much useful as it provides numerous instrumental techniques to get the students’ performance improved in varied senses. It is more critical because of admitted correlation amidst learning and assessment. It is as closer as lessons and examination. To have better results in final examination and learning objectives, students are intended to get passed through simulations so that they can be able to perform accordingly. Plan for day to day formative assessment for infant school children has been devised here. It is being justified as per contemporary practices as well based on children psychology. Planning for a formative strategic plan for infant school (or Montessori) children is very critical and difficult. It is because children in this age are unaware of communicating their views properly. On the other hand, children psychologists refer it as a simplest phase of human development because children of three to five years are in continuous learning phase. They are completely dependent upon their parents and teacher for every aspect of study and life. They are easy to mould and adjust in any milieu. However teachers find it difficult to conduct assessment sessions with them in order to take verbal feedback from them because feedback cannot be taken in direct manner. They are required to design assessment surveys and questionnaires which further elaborate the actual scenario of what they have learnt so far. Following steps are devised to outline a plan comprising day to day formative assessment strategies for infant school children. 1. Questioning Questions are asked from children in order to get their beginning points and related to performance indicators. Applicable questions are asked in chronological order from lower to higher degree of their understanding. The questions are designed according to their capabilities in simpler mode of communication. The nature of questions differ in comparative manner for all ages of children. 2. Observations After questioning, it comes the turn of observations. It provides cohesive linkers to connect and find the relationship between answered given in response to certain questions. Teacher is directed to watch the activities of children in order to observe to what extent they are implementing their learning. It is also helpful for moral training for children which was intended to make a part of syllabus. 3. Discussion It is disguised way to observe the activities and mindset of children through two way interactive discussion sessions. It is very important because it gives a chance to clearly discuss the problems which are to be addressed. In the milieu of Montessori children’s education, teachers are required t o synthesize interactions among students and themselves. 4. Reviewing understanding After discussion sessions, it is advised to engage the children in such activities which can elucidate their academic understanding of what they have learnt earlier in class rooms. It basically implies to practical approach of theory taught to the pupil. It may include planned or unplanned recall events which can give a feedback to teacher regarding what was planned for class room learning. In such recall tests, a teacher may

The Need For Women Empowerment Sociology Essay

The Need For Women Empowerment Sociology Essay Seeing as the older era, a woman has been treated as inferior citizens of all across the world. The position is more or less the same universally irrespective of the urbanized nation. Women have been consigned to inferior position regardless of the fact that they numerically represent about 50% of the world population today. In perspective of sound and qualified ability, this situation has lowered the womans self-esteem, autonomy and pride as human beings. Therefore, women empowerment is a compelling issue in the present world. Women empowerment is the course of actions taken by women to have ownership and control of their lives through extension of their selections (Khan Awan, 2011).  Now this paper will discuss about the factors i.e.; gender inequality, lack of education and that hinders women empowerment and also several recommendations to promote it. In the extremely commencement of evolution, women enjoyed a highly regarded position in society at equivalence with men. They dynamically indulged in social, religious dealings as well as in competition. Moreover, the traditional ceremonies were considered imperfect if women do not participate. Though, it was their considerable constitution which became hurdle on the approach of doing a variety of different complicated tasks. Gradually, they start becoming dependent on men for their food, work and other necessities. During the development of society, the position of women changed because of the establishment of patriarchy i.e; male dominancy. Gradually, male dominancy enters in society and the caliber of women is been thrown up, who surpass the skills on men. Women have made great progress in different areas of life and got achievements like teacher, doctor, engineer, pilots etc. This achievement should really appreciate as they have achieved these things by passing through highly wo rst situations and at the cost of severe social criticism. According to the Fourth UN World Conference for Women, men-controlled society, firm traditional standards and inflexible socio-cultural customs makes women to suffer (Awan, 2012). Although, a lot of effort has been done by civil society organizations, microfinance institutes, governing bodies, different international bodies like CARE, UNICEF to uplift women but the status of women is more or less same in the present circumstances. Women are discriminated and more subjected to problems in many aspects because of gendered social structure. The fact is evident that women are among the vulnerable segment in society (Naz, Ibrahim Ahmed, 2012). Gender inequality influences women empowerment in a negative manner. In todays world, although females are working in many fields of work but they are still considered weak in comparison with men. Many cultures and societies question womans ability to work in certain tasks. For instance; in Africa, politics and economics are believed to be fields for males. Moreover, in Nigeria, it is a tradition that males will not participate in domestic work but its only a responsibility of women. According to the Liberal Feminism theory, society believes that women are by nature less intellectual and physically less capable which excludes women from political, economical and academic domains (Bimolain, 2013). In Pakistan, women discrimination is very apparent in every aspect. As there is a male dominant society, women are restricted to have participation in jobs, properties and even they do not have the right to raise their voice. A study was done in Faisalabad and Rawalpindi to measure the empowerment level of women in study area and to identify the socio-cultural factors that influence women empowerment in domestic aspect. Results showed that majority of women had lack of resources and low education, their paid job involvement was negligible, low level of awareness about their rights, less decision making ability, less mobility and lower level of participation in family discussions (Khan, 2010). The need for women empowerment came through minor position they were getting for so long. The empowerment is a tool that can bring change in their socio-economic condition. It has been known that no society can progress without the women lag behind. Empowerment needs to start on with women involvement in different aspects of life. Education contains a huge value in this view but education for promoting women empowerment is still not fully understood. To attain empowerment women have to have education about their rights with in a modern society. It is the education that can convey knowledge in them associated with their social status, prejudice and discrimination for them. According to International Center for Research on Women (2005), women with higher education have more control over their destinies. Moreover, higher education also plays a pivotal role in reducing violence against women, female and infant mortality and risky behaviors. Studies done in Africa and Latin America showed that education lowers risky behaviors and risk of sexually transmitted diseases (A second look, 2005). Besides this, financial autonomy is the most important factor that contributes in empowering women. In Pakistan, women are getting educated but still there is a great discrimination. According to Islamic teachings; It is a duty of every Muslim man and woman to seek knowledge (Tariq, n.d.). Usually, it is observed that if the family affords to give education only to their one child, they always choose male to be their bread earner. In Pakistan, 69% men are literate whereas for females literacy rate is 45% only which indicates a great gender gap. To improve women empowerment worldwide, people need to change their own perspectives, norms and values. Women and men are equal in all respect and there must be some effective work to be done to make women to work equally with men in every aspect of life. There should be some comprehensive framework for women on the national and international level and effective ways for its implementation and monitoring. Women right should be protected in every aspect on governmental level. For Instance, discrimination and abuse against women would lead to jail immediately and have to pay cash penalties. Health resources should be made accessible and affordable to reduce female mortalities but on the other hand women should be given enough freedom to go for their checkups without their husbands as well because humanity comes first irrespective of any culture. Western countries instead of raising voice for the violation of right of women in Pakistan should help them to make the standard living of wom en by building schools for their education and some vocational training should be there so that they can groom their abilities and to provide the opportunities of earning especially for the women living in rural areas. The main cause of violation of women rights is the lack of earning opportunities and education. If empowerment of women will be their then next coming generation will be more educated and then women will be secured and less hesitated to raise the voice against their rights. Moreover, effective higher education should be provided to poor women with low fees or there must some financial assistance from different governmental bodies. According to one study done in Egypt, it was found that women with post-secondary schooling were about 25 percent more likely to be formally employed (A second look, 2005). Participation in politics and decision making on broader level should be in cooperated so that women can raise their voices and opinions and fight for their rights. Biasn ess regarding sexes and stereotypes against women must be taken under consideration to save women from violence. There must be counseling sessions for women in both the rural and urban areas so as to make females aware of their rights, needs and risky behaviors and their consequences. This crucial insight suggests that strategies for change need to be targeted at specific groups of girls and women and significant others such as fathers, husbands and sons, taking into account their particular circumstances (David, 2012). In Islam, women have given huge respect as it can be proved by the sayings of Prophet Muhammad that PARADISE LIES UNDER MOTHER FEET. Whether it is a Pakistani society or western, women should get equal rights and respect from every aspect. The chore is not too complex to accomplish. Two things that are honesty and sincerity on the element of those concerned are required. If the change occurs in lots of women then definitely it will provide a constructive impact on society. Hence, the womens empowerment is the need of the hour. Word count: 1379 1328 Words Essay on Womens Empowerment in India http://cssexam2013.blogspot.com/2012/11/essay-women-empowerment-in-pakistan.html http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1482560 The task is not too difficult to achieve. The honesty and sincerity on the part of those involved is a must. If the lots of women change, definitely it will have a positive impact on society. Hence, the womens empowerment is the need of the hour.

The Colour Purple - Spirituality & Religion :: essays research papers

Alice Walker states that ‘The Colour Purple’ remains for her the â€Å"theological work examining the journey from the religious back to the spiritual†. How successful is she in revealing her purpose to the reader? In the preface to ‘the Colour Purple’ Walker identifies her religious development as the inspiration for her novel and labels religion and spirituality as the principle themes in the book. There are a number of principle characters who complete this journey however in many instances the religious element of the novel is overshadowed by other prominent themes such as personal development, female relationships and racial issues. These must be taken into consideration when assessing Walker’s success in delivering her theological message to her readers. Religion is an extremely broad term, in the context of ‘The Colour Purple, Walker’s idea of religion is church based Christianity in which God is presented through the bible as a white man. Although the church is placed in a black community, the teachings of the church are derived from the teachings of white people. Celie discovers throughout the novel that she, like Shug, can not find God in this kind of church that is based on patriarchal religion but searches for him elsewhere. Walker’s personal concept of spirituality is pantheism, the idea that God is in all living things within nature including people. Celie learns from Shug and through her own development that God is within her and she benefits far more from her own spirituality than from the structured religion within the community. Celie is not the only character to undergo a change in her religious outlook and complete the journey â€Å"from the religious to the spiritual†. Nettie also is brought up as a devout believer in the Christian church however throughout her time in Africa and with the help of the Olinka people she discovers a new more â€Å"internal† form of religion similar to Celie’s new found spirituality. The journey from the religious back to the spiritual is reflected in the distance between the white missionaries in Britain and America and the African tribes. The missionaries represent the formal ‘white’ church and the Olinka fulfilling the idea of pantheist spirituality. This is a journey Nettie makes physically and spiritually. Shug and Mr.’s views on religion also change during the novel, and as Walker intends, all make this ‘journey’ with â€Å"courage and the help of others†. At the beginning of the book Celie announces her dependence on God by recognising that she can â€Å"tell nobody but God† about the abuse she is receiving from her stepfather.

Learning Disabilities in Society Today Essay

The modern society has advanced very much compared to the earlier society, for example of the mid twentieth century. This advancement can be attributed to various technological innovations and inventions that have taken place in the society. The various spheres of change have impacted both positively and negatively on the welfare of the people. This is together with the welfare of those with disabilities. Disability has been and remains to be a major aspect of social inquiries and studies that has been conducted in the society. This is given that the disabled persons are part and parcel of the society. In this regard, the issue of disability as an area of study encompasses various aspects. This is for instance the kind of relationships between disability and work, disability and oppression, disability and education and disability and discrimination among others. In addition, studies on disability have centered on the measures that have been taken or ought to be taken to address the issue. The measures taken range from medical interventions and efforts to change the attitude of the members of the society towards the disabled people. Disability and the Society Today: Overview There are several definitions that have been proposed for the term disability. The definitions depend on the orientation and experiences of the scholar. For example, in law, the term disability can be used to connote a physical or mental impairment of an individual (Shah & Priestly, 2009). For the impairment to qualify as a disability, the law requires that it must have a substantial and long term negative effect on the individual’s ability to carry out normal day to day activities (Valentino & Skeletonk, 2009). However, not all such conditions qualify as disabilities. For example, individuals with ailments such as cancer, HIV/AIDS and those who are blind or partially sighted are not considered as been disabled. According to the legal definition given above, impairments considered to make an individual disabled include sensory impairments, such as sight and hearing, or mental impairments such as learning disabilities, dyslexia and mental illness (Bradley, Danielson & Hallahan, 2002). Some severe disfigurements, for example those affecting limbs and other physical organs, are regarded as a disability. Some conditions that can worsen over time such as multiple scleroses are also regarded as a disability as soon as they are diagnosed, even before they start to affect the individual’s day to day activities (Lerner, 2000). There are criteria that have been put in place to determine whether a disability is long term or not. For example, for a disability to de regarded as long term, it must have lasted for at least one year (Bradley et al, 2002). Disabilities that have lasted for less than one year can also be classified as long term. This is when there are sufficient grounds to expect the disability to last for at least one year after its onset (Barnes, Fletcher & Fuchs, 2007). For example, a loss of both limbs can be considered as a long term disability even if the loss is barely one month old. Also, for a disability to be regarded as long term, it must be expected to last for the rest of the individual’s life (Barnes et al, 2007). As earlier alluded to in this paper, there are several types of disabilities affecting people in the society. These range from physical disability, mental disability among others. Another type of disability that affects people in the society, albeit not so visible, is learning disability. This paper is going to look at learning disabilities within the context of the modern society. A general overview of disability has already been provided to create a context within which learning disability will be located.

Tensions in 1852-60 That Led to the Civil War essays

Tensions in 1852-60 That Led to the Civil War essays Tensions in 1852-60 That Led to the Civil War The conflicts in the United States during the 1850s were numerous and brought the nation closer to civil war each day. These conflicts were mainly caused by the diverging society between the North and the South. The North and the South had different goals. The Norths aggression to control the South had led to the point where it was intolerable. The issue of slavery was one of the causes of the Civil War. Slavery and slave trades had become a big part of the Souths economy. The slaves were needed to work on plantations which helped the South prospered. During the 19th Century, the North worked hard on acquiring free states so that the South would not outnumber them. As the conflict between the North and the South got more intense, the Compromise of 1850 came into the picture to attempt to please both sides. The Compromise included admitting California as a free state and interstate slave trade to be abolished which went in favor of the North. The Compromise also went with the South when it included stricter fugitive slave laws and New Mexico and Utah were created without slave restrictions. The compromises seemed to have settled the issue of slavery but it was just putting back the problem. The North and the South were far from settling the slave issue. The Fugitive Slave Act was part of the group of laws referred to as the Compromise of 1850. In this compromise, the North gained the admission of California as a free state, and the prohibition of slave trading in the District of Columbia. The slavery party received concessions with regard to slaveholding in Texas and the passage of this law. Passage of this law was so hated by abolitionists, however, that its existence played a role in the end of slavery a little more than a dozen years later. This law also urged the continued operation of the legendary Underground Railroad, a network of over 3,000 homes and ot...

The First Jobs of the 2016 Presidential Candidates

The First Jobs of the 2016 Presidential Candidates The 2016 presidential race is underway and things are getting heated. Whether or not your favorite candidate is winning, we thought it would be interesting to explore the humble beginnings of each candidate. Here are the first jobs of each of the 2016 Presidential Candidates held before they got their start in politics.  Source: [payscale.com/]

The Comparison of Xerxes and Attossa's Relationship in Persians Essay

The Comparison of Xerxes and Attossa's Relationship in Persians against Achilles and Thethis in the Iliad focusing on their role - Essay Example The rage between Achilles, the bravest of all, and Agamemnon, the powerful king among the Achaean allies prompted the Achilles to persuade her mother, Thetis, to intervene. She was an influential figure with the Zeus to bequeath the king of gods to inflict defeat and suffering on the Achaeans, so as to ruin Agamemnon. In this context, the comparison of the two is a reflection of the Persian wars, a time of incredible upheavals for the Greece (McDonald 90). The strife and standoff in between is a correspondence of city-states who fought against disheartening odds to preserve their autonomy and mortality. In affirming their mortality, the wars expose the expected tragedy as set along with striking lines. The quest of the two mothers (Attosa and Thetis) to grand their sons (Xerxes and Achilles) their rightful ego in the tumultuous year of the Persian invasion illustrates the evaluation. The events of Thetis to make Achilles immortal by holding him close to fire as an infant every night was to burn away the mortal parts as well as to rub him with ambrosia at the time (Philostrate et al 103). The acts of Attosa depict the return of bedraggled Xerxes to his royal court. This is the replica of Thetis. She inclines into consulting even gods for the sake of his son, Achilles. The mothers present dramatic acts in laying down a final coup to safe their status’ destiny. ... The fact that each of these royal sons could only turn to their mothers to secure their political status beats the logic. Does it mean they could not reclaim their statuses? For example, the image of Persians as cowards is seen through the cowardly acting and melodramatic personality of Xerxes. An instance when he wails loud and tears his clothes is certain. There is also an indicative sign of the social and opinionated realities of the time. Much of the decision made by royal has less to do with what consequences will befall their people and this is what exactly the two sides extent to the immediate society they live. They present to one the certainties of the unknown knowledge of the Persians culture and customers. How these royal families operate is what has gone through many theatres of the time as highlighting a residual sense of fear that required some public exorcism of ridicule (McDonald 65). For example, there is an attempt to incorporate the Persian gods and customs. The de piction in the action of the mothers in deciding the destiny of their sons is that the gods were part of their reality. The standing fact is that Greeks did not know quite enough about the Persians rather than the grossly distorted caricatures of the time. This prompted unending discord to save each other’s autonomy and mortality (Philostrate et al 64). As history would reveal, the historical context stands to share that Persians, Greece had only met through war, and the danger of the strife is how it could not provide the basis for cultural exchange. This explains why the Persian nobles like Attosa and Thetis have to cry to Zeus. For example, Attosa offers libations to the dead ones and proprietary gifts to the gods in impression of Greek customs. At

Th Ntur f Pristhd in th Church f nglnd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Th Ntur f Pristhd in th Church f nglnd - Essay Example Th nly high prist in Gd's systm tdy is in hvn" Christins r prists f Gd. Th pristhd undr th lw ws vry hnrbl nd scrd ffic, Hb. 5:4, "nd n mn tkth this hnr unt himslf, but h tht is clld f Gd, s ws rn." It ws n ccunt f this hnr tht ths prud mn, Krh nd his cmpny, nvid rn; nd Gd ssrtd nd vindictd rn's right t it, by cusing his rd t bud. It ws n hnr which, bfr th giving f th lw, whn vry prticulr fmily ws wnt t ffr scrifics fr thmslvs, th firstbrn usd t clim, nd thrfr th birthright ws s much stmd nd vlud. Thrfr Jcb hd such dsir f hving th birthright f his brthr su, nd su's dspising f it is spkn f s grt instnc f his prfnnss. Prist in th Church f nglnd is sid t b chif mn mng his ppl, Lv. 21:4, "But h shll nt dfil himslf, bing chif mn mng his ppl, t prfn himslf." Bcus th ffic f th pristhd is s hnrbl, it is nticd s wickd cntmpt f it in svrl wickd kings, tht thy md f th mnst f th ppl prists. Pristhd is vry scrd ffic, nd tht bv ll thr ffics. Lv. 21:6, "Thy shll b hly unt thir Gd, nd nt prfn th nm f thir Gd, fr th ffrings f th Lrd md by fir, nd th brd f thir Gd, thy d ffr; thrfr thy shll b hly. Thy shll nt tk wif tht is whr, r prfn, nithr shll thy tk wmn put wy frm hr husbnd; fr h is hly unt his Gd. Thu shlt snctify him thrfr, fr h ffrth th brd f thy Gd, h shll b hly unt th: fr I, th Lrd, which snctify yu, m hly." Church f nglnd blivs tht... Th pristhd nw is n lngr cnfind t n fmily, t rn nd his sns, but ll th tru Isrl r prists. vry tru Christin hs wrk nd ffic tht is s scrd s tht f th prists ws undr th lw, nd vryn is dvncd t lik hnr, nd indd t grtr. But hw vry tru Christin is prist f Gd will ppr in th fllwing things. Undr th nglish Church ll wh hv "btind ccss t this grc in which w stnd" r prists f Gd (Owen, Dorothy, 2002). Ths wh nc wr nmis, whn rcncild t Gd, bcm His ministrs, thrugh Him wh lvs us nd hs frd us frm ur sins by his bld nd md us kingdm, prists t his Gd nd Fthr. N wndr tht clstil vics ris in pn f pris unt Him in th stirring wrds:"Wrthy rt thu t tk th scrll nd t pn its sls,Fr thu wst slin nd by thy bld didst rdm mn fr Gd Frm vry trib nd tngu nd ppl nd ntin, nd hst md thm kingdm nd prists t ur Gd" (Rv. 5:9, 10). Th trms "high prist" nd "chif prist" r fund but 123 tims in th Nw Tstmnt nd thus th pristhd is highly rspctd in nglish Church. Th Grk wrd fr prist is hirus, nd th trm "prist" is fund 33 tims in th Nw Tstmnt, whr it rfrs t th Lviticl prists 18 tims. f th 15 rmining ccurrncs, 8 rfr t Christ, 3 t Mlchizdk, 1 t th pgn prist f Jupitr, nd th thr 3 t th ntir mmbrship f th church f ur Lrd, wh r dsigntd s kingdm, vn prists. In n cs is th trm pplid t spcil ministry r cst in th cngrgtin f ur Lrd. N gspl prchr, bishp, r dcn ws vr rfrrd t s prist in ny distinctiv sns; n such individul ws prist by right f ffic (Best, 1995). S pwrful r th mbitins f mn, nd s wid sprd r th ids f scrdtl cst in th rlm f rligin tht it is virtully impssibl t limint th id f spcil clrgy frm th minds f mn s thy my mk cmplt rturn t pstlic simplicity in wrk nd wrship. Thr is n lmst univrsl id mng th "prists f Gd" tht thy my hir r cntrct with smn f suprir tlnt t pprch Gd in thir bhlf

Fitness Assignments Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Fitness Assignments - Coursework Example The client is a complete beginner to exercise and have not attended any fitness program before. In addition, the client possesses an active lifestyle with high intake of junk food. No cardio respiratory diseases or blood sugar abnormalities were identified to relate with the family history of the client. The client’s secondary motive is to remain fit and healthy. On the other hand, the primary goal of the client is to become a basketball player. A detailed information about the client has been presented below in a tabular format. Basketball is recognized as a ‘non-contact’ sport, wherein body contact is commonly witnessed among the players. Hence, basketball players usually require muscular strengths as well as body mass to maintain their position against the opponents. In this regard, certain qualities are extremely important for the basketball players to acquire a competitive edge over the opponents. Speed, agility and quick recovery are a few major fitness components that are essential for developing the performance of the individual players as well as team. The goals of the client behind attending training are to become a basketball player and keep self-fit and healthy. Hence, in line with these goals of the client, certain specific methods of testing by which further assessments can be gauged against for effective training have been designed. These testing methods will include ‘test of jumping’, ‘test of agility’, and ‘tests of strength’ (Sporis, Naglic, Milanovic, Talovic, & Jeleskovic, 2010). On each exercise, 20-30 sec work will be performed with 20-40sec recovery after the completion of each exercise. At the same time, warm up before starting exercise and cooling down after exercise will also be performed. The following exercise circuit has been set up for conducting a resistance-based circuit so that the fellow students work in each body part. The session is divided

Sundry Issues Essay Example for Free

Sundry Issues Essay The present paper wishes to present some of the issues that are involved in the recruitment and selection of expatriates for multinational companies. It is necessary that the management of companies be strongly aware of these issues to be able to deploy the appropriate, qualified personnel for critical offshore assignments. One of the key issues that ought to be considered in the recruitment and selection of expatriates is their capacity to adjust effectually to the role. This means that they should be willing and able to learn about the pecualirities of the culture to which they would be deployed, including the traits of power distance, masculinity, human orientation, achievement, and future orientation. Another issue is their willingness to undergo expatriation training. Their mother companies and satellite offices ought to provide the infrastructure for such training but the candidates for expatriation must have the unique task and people skills that will make them effective in their offshore assignments. Expatriate candidates must also adjust effectively to their new living conditions, and learn as much as they can about the new norms. They should be willing to undergo cultural training programs. The expatriate candidate should be highly trainable; through pre-departure training programs, they should be immediately be adept at the nuances of their new environment and culture. Finally, they should be able to blend well with a cross-cultural team, and depending on their role even spearhead the building of teams in a global context. Effectual Work Adjustment Based on a past research by Kabasakal and Bodur (1997), some cultures are characterised by a strong slant towards collectivism and both societal and organisational levels. It may perhaps be useful for the multinational company to initially analyse the culture to which they would assign managers in terms of power distance, masculinity, human orientation, achievement, and future orientation (Hofstede, 1983). It may also look into the business culture’s commitment and sense of duty to the organisation, respect for managerial hierarchy, type of leadership, and other ethical norms. Armed with such knowledge, expatriates can definitely influence the expectations of its expatriates and help in their adjustment to the new work environment (Hofstede, 1983). In addition, business culture communication styles should also be assessed by the company and the manner through which corporate values and organisational culture are transmitted. For instance, is it through socialisation? In some cultures, exchange of favors, information sharing and friendships are critical means of winning and developing trust. Logically, managers who are sent to the country ought to have such characteristics as patience and being open to socialisation with locals. Apparently, expatriates will experience a whole host of changes in being sent to a global post. On a personal level, they are required to undergo a transition from an environment to which they were accustomed to one which is very unfamiliar. Naturally, this required modifications in their living habits, and entailed finding a healthy, novel balance between their work and personal preoccupations. For a majority of individuals, this expends too much time and effort. Thus, the human resources department of the multinational company ought to take action to prepare them so that they may cope with these difficulties in adjustment. The research of Mendenhall and Oddou (1985) indicate that adjustment to the cross-cultural facets of a global assignment requires three distinct personal abilities, as follows: 1) the capacity to sustain a valued sense of self; 2) the ability to associate to host nationals; 3) the ability to intellectually appreciate the belief systems that underpin behaviours in the host country. If expatriates will be oriented with these traits, it would have been easier for them to adjust because their expectations were more effectively managed (Black, 1990b; Mendenhall Oddou, 1985). If they possessed such traits, it would have been more probable for them to adjust easily in their offshore assignment. In a related vein, the multinational company is obliged to help select those individuals with these ideal traits for expatriation assignments. However, while the organisation may try its best to send ideal candidates, they are frequently unavailable – thus, tradeoffs and compromises may be needed. Expatriates ought to try their best to find out what makes their foreign counterparts ‘tick’. They could start with learning the basics of the culture, norms, beliefs, and customs. They should also take every chance to interface with their colleagues to facilitate this socio-cultural adjustment process. Preparation for Expatriation Moreover, multinational companies must ensure that they are ready to prepare their expatriates for offshore assignments. With the integration of global markets and the burgeoning growth of multinational business activity, multinational companies have to learn how to effectively manage, coordinate, control and synergise its operations with their offshore counterparts. This preparation process, however, is not such an easy task. The difficulty lies in the fact that this requires them to have unique skills different from those that proved to be effective when they were assigned as managers in the local office from which they were deployed. Expatriates should be equipped with the knowledge of the satellite company’s organisational culture and philosophy, home country business practices, norms and customs. Being assigned to a foreign environment with peculiar political, cultural, and economic working conditions, expatriates encounter both job-related and personal difficulties (Birdseye Hill, 1995). If these issues expressed by the team are not given adequate attention, this results in extreme stress in both the expatriate’s personal life and life, and ultimately to expatriate turnover. Facets of Cross Cultural Adjustment for Expatriates Predeparture Expatriation Training Programs Multinational companies ought to ensure that training programs are given to candidates for expatriation to facilitate their adjustment to amenities, overall living conditions, and social norms. For example, cultural diversity training programs and learning sessions concentrating on values, habits, beliefs, religion and language of the locals must be part of the preparation of expatriates. These will help them undergo the indoctrination period more easily and quickly. In this context, expatriates should also be keenly aware of the particular facets of life in the local country. If expatriates that their families are made aware of these information and their expectations well managed, then unwelcome surprises may be avoided (Cavusgil et al. , 1992; Marlin et al. , 1995; Tung, 1982).

Ziziphus Mauritiana: Chemical Structure and Uses

Ziziphus Mauritiana: Chemical Structure and Uses Biological source : It consist of fresh leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana. Taxonomical classification : Fig 4 : Ziziphus mauritiana leaf Kingdom : Plant Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Phylum : Tracheophyta Subphylum : Euphyllophytina Division : Magnoliophyta Subdivision : Angiosprm Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Rosidae Order : Rosales Family : Rhamnaceae Tribe : Paliureae Genus : Ziziphus Species : Mauritiana[42] Vernacular Names : Languages Vernacular Names Arabic Beri, Bor, Nabbak El Fil, Nabbak-El-Fil, Nobig, Sidr English Aprin, Baer, Baher, Bahir, Ber, Beri, Bor, Chinee Apple, Indian Plum, Indian-Cherry, Indian-Plum, Jujube, Ma-Tan, Malay-Jujube, Mangustine, Manzana (Apple), Manzanas, Manzanita, Perita Haitiana, Phutsa, Ponsigne, Putrea, Sour Jujube, Tao, Tao Nhuc, Widara, Yunnan Jujube, Yunnan Tamil Elandhai Hindi Ber Sanskrit Ajapriya, Badara, Karkandhu Gujarati Bordi[43] Synonyms : Rhamnus jujube Ziziphus jujube Ziziphus sororia Manasa arborea Ziziphus trinervia Ziziphus orthocantha Ziziphus rotundata Ziziphus abyssinicus Sarcomphalus mauritianus[44]. Growth and distribution : Ziziphus mauritiana, is present usually in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is mainly present in India and is now seen in tropical regions like Africa, Afghanistan, China, Malaysia, Australia and in around Pacific regions. The plant form dense stands and is invasive in some regions like Fiji and Australia. These days it an environmental weed in Northern Australia causing problems. It is grows very fastly with a medium life span, that can quickly reach up to 10–40 ft. tall. The plant is also known as Ziziphus mauritiana Narkeli kul, Ber, Boroi, Dongs, Bor, Beri [45]. Macroscopic characters : Ziziphus mauritiana is a thorny and evergreen shrub. Bark dark grey colour or dull black colour, irregularly fissured. It grows as a compact shrub of 3-4 m tall in severe climatic conditions Leaves are variable, alternate, in 2 rows, oblong elliptic in shape, 2.5-6 x 1.5-5 cm, rounded tip or somewhat notched base; exceptionally wavy-toothed on edges, shiny green and no hairs at the top; dense, whitish, soft hairs underneath. Inflorescence of the plant is axillary cymes, 1-2 cm long, with 7-20 flowers of 2-3mm; peduncles are 2- 3 mm long; greenish colour-yellow colour, indistinctly fragrant; pedicels are 3-8 mm long; calyx with 5 deltoid lobes, hairy outer, glabrous inner; petals are 5 and are subspathulate, concave, reflexed. Fruit is a drupe and globose to ovoid shape, grows 6 x 4 cm in cultivation, usually much smaller when wild; fruit skin is smooth or rough, glossy, thin but tougher, yellowish colour to reddish colour or blackish colour; flesh white, crisp, juicy, sub acid taste to sweet taste, becoming mealy in fully ripe fruits. Seed is a tuberculate and irregularly furrowed stone with 1-2 elliptic brown kernels sssof 6 mm long. The name ‘Ziziphus’ is often erroneously written as Zizyphus [46]. Microscopic characters of leaf : In Z. mauritiana, the abaxial leaf surface was characteristically densely pubescent, with numerous stomata arranged in the interveinal regions, whereas the adaxial surface was glabrous, with comparatively few, sunken stomata. Leaf hairiness, hypostomatous distribution and sunken stomata are all characteristic features of species that exist in droughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ prone regions. Transverse sections from fresh leaf lamina material showed that both Ziziphus species have characteristic C3 anatomy, with an abundance of mucilaginous material exclusively localized in the adaxial epidermal cells which stained intensely with the mucopolysaccharide stain, alcianblue. The mucilageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cell contents also indicates a high polysaccharide content throughout the cell. When stained with the PAS/toluidine blueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ O combination for light microscopy, there was no discernible nucleus, vacuole or cellular organelles in the epidermal mucilage cells, but with numerous starch grains and nuclei clearly visible in the mesophyll parenchyma. Mucilage, produced in Golgi, accumulates initially between the plasmalemma and the cell wall, and after prolonged mucilage deposition, the remaining cytoplasm becomes compressed against the outer periclinal cell wall and degenerates[47]. Fig 5 : Micriscopy of leaf of Z. mauritiana Chemical Constituents : Plant contains crude protein, fat, fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, Sulphur. They also contain ceryl alcohol and the alkaloids, protopine and berberine, quercetin, kaempferol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol, diosgenin. The leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, oses and holosides, mucilages, sterol, triterpenoids, cardiotonic glucosides, and leucoanthocyanes. Plant also contain Protein, Fat, Fiber, Carbohydrates, Reducing Sugars, Non-Reducing Sugars, Ash, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Carotene, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Citric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, Fluoride, Pectin. The fresh fruits also contain some malic and oxalic acid and quercetin. Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates ,Sugar, Fiber. Major characteristic constituents aretriterpenes and triterpene saponins, including alphitolic, betulinic, maslinic, oleanolic, ursolic,3-O-trans-alphitolic, 3-O-cis-p-alphitolic, 3-O-cis-p-coumaroylalphitolic, 3-O-trans-pcoumarylalphitolicacids; and zizyphus saponins I, II, III, jujuboside B, spinosin and swertisin[48]. Uses : Traditional uses : The fruits of wild trees are considered cooling, anodyne, astringent,stomachic, stypic tonic. The kernels are reported to have a sedative effect for relief from abxominal pain in pregnancy. They are also given as antidote to aconite – poisoning and used in poultices other application for wounds. The seeds are used as antidiarrhoeal. Leaves are eaten with catechu as astringent. It is regarded as diaphoretic and are prescribed for typhoid in children. They are also used as poultices. In soar throat, a leaf decoction is used as gargle. Paste of leaves and twigs are applied to abcess, boils and curbuncls to promote suppuration and stangury. Bark is sometimes used in india for tanning purposes. A decoction of bark is used in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. It is also used as astringent in gingivitis. Juice of bark is purgative and externally applied to gout rheumatism. Decoction of root is beneficial in fever powder of root is used for old wounds an ulcers[49]. Scientifically proven uses : Antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extracts of leaves has been evaluated on hyperglycaemia induced by oral administration of glucose in rabbits. Anti carcinogenic activity of leaf extract has been evaluated. Extract has showed significant action on cancer cells. Anti ulcer activity also have been evaluated by using anti ulcer models in rats. Survey of literature reveals that plant has been reported for antiteroidogenic, antianxyiolytic, sedative and hypnotic. Also it has antimicrobial and radioprotection[50]. Division of pharmacology, RIPER, ATP.Page 32